ENSO Remote forcing: influence of climate variability outside the tropical Pacific Jong‐Seong Kug, Jerome Vialard, Yoo‐Geun Ham, Jin‐Yi Yu, Matthieu Lengaigne Summary: Climate variabilities in the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic Oceans are tightly connected. The influence of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the Atlantic and Indian oceans has been documented for long. There are recent lines of evidence that regions outside the tropical Pacific feed back onto ENSO characteristics, such as its amplitude, periodicity, and time-sequence and spatial patterns, suggesting that basin interactions play a significant role for ENSO diversity and complexity. The climate variability that may influence ENSO includes the Pacific Meridional Mode, the Indian Ocean basin mode, the Indian Ocean Dipole, the Atlantic Niño and surface temperature variations in the North Tropical Atlantic, and the western hemisphere warm pool. The tendency of these climate modes to lead ENSO variability by several seasons could in particular provide an opportunity for improved long-lead predictions of ENSO. This chapter will provide a comprehensive review of our current understanding of the influence of climate variability outside the tropical Pacific on ENSO. PDF: P2020_4